Okayama University Research: Green Leafy Vegetables Contain a Compound Which can Fight Cancer Cells
OKAYAMA, Japan, March 5, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- In a study recently published in Scientific Reports , scientists at Okayama University describe how an ingredient of cruciferous vegetables prevents the growth of cancer cells.
Cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, cauliflower, and cabbage are rich in a class of compounds called 'isothiocyanates'. A key member of this class, benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), effectively prevents the growth of tumors in laboratory rats and mice. However, the exact mechanism behind its ability to do so is still unknown. A research team spearheaded by Professor NAKAMURA Yoshimasa and Associate Professor MORIYA Hisao at Okayama University recently used yeast cells to explain how BITC can abate the development of cancer.
Yeast cells make a convenient experimental model as they are easy to manipulate, and they share a significant amount of their genetic make-up with mammalian cells. Thus, discoveries made in yeast cells can often be translated to human cells. The team first treated yeast cells with different concentrations of BITC and found that higher concentrations of BITC suppressed the growth of the cells. An optimum concentration that could suppress the growth of yeast cells to an easily measurable extent was chosen.
Next, a battery of genes within the cells was screened to find candidates that may be altered upon exposure to BITC. Twelve genes were found to be potentially involved. The researchers then artificially enhanced the levels of these twelve genes and observed that the yeast cells subsequently developed a resistance to BITC-induced death. To further understand how the effects of BITC might be associated with these genes, one such gene was analyzed in detail—the MTW1 gene.
The MTW1 gene is responsible for producing a protein in yeast cells which is very similar in functionality as well as genetic sequence to Mis12, a protein found in human cells. Human colon cancer cells were then employed to see if BITC treatment affected the Mis12 protein. Indeed, an artificial reduction in Mis12 levels enhanced the cancer-killing effects of BITC whereas an increase in Mis12 levels protected the cells from death. What's more, BITC directly reduced the amount of Mis12 by channeling it towards degradation. This degradation of Mis12 further sensitized the cells to apoptosis, a harsh process that leads to cellular death. The Mis12 protein was found to be the direct link between BITC and cancer cell death.
"Our data indicated that the proteasome-dependent decrease in Mis12…enhances the BITC-induced apoptosis, which contributes to the suppression of cancer cell proliferation by BITC," concludes the team. This study is the first to explain the anticancer properties of BITC in detail, using a novel screening system within yeast cells. This system can be used in the future for screening other anticancer drugs.
Background
BITC: Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) is an organic compound present naturally in several plants and vegetables. Experiments in rodent models have shown the ability of BITC to reduce ovarian, lung, and bladder tumors. Researchers have long been analyzing these properties of BITC in an attempt to understand how it fights cancer and the doses required for preventing tumor growth.
Yeast cells: Yeast, a type of fungi, are single-celled organisms found abundantly in nature. In spite of their simple structure, yeast cells have complex biological processes ongoing within them, many of them similar to mammalian cells. Therefore, they are often used in experiments to understand cellular processes and the effects of chemicals or drugs better.
Reference
Naomi Abe-Kanoh, Narumi Kunisue, Takumi Myojin, Ayako Chino, Shintaro Munemasa, Yoshiyuki Murata, Ayano Satoh, Hisao Moriya & Yoshimasa Nakamura. Yeast screening system reveals the inhibitory mechanism of cancer cell proliferation by benzyl isothiocyanate through down-regulation of Mis12. Scientific Reports, 2019 Jun 20;9(1):8866.
DOI : 10.1038/s41598-019-45248-2.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-45248-2
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